News
Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed
Process Management feed contamination dogs statistics petfood markets and
trade processing sheep Spain 6030
A major police investigation is underway in Spain since last year into
allegations that stray and abandoned dogs have ended up in petfood and livestock
feed, a Spanish newspaper reported.
According to reports a criminal gang in Spain took the bodies of dogs and
other animals from animal sanctuaries, vets, zoos and farms, awaiting
incineration, and processed them to create protein and fats that could be sold
on.
Last year, police found a warehouse filled with 15 tonnes of dead stray
dogs which they believe were going to be processed into animal feed, in the
Galician town of As Neves. Similar stocks have also been found in other
warehouses in Northern Spain.
Seprona, the environmental arm of the Guardia Civil, has sent samples of
commercial pet food to the Anfaco-Cecopesca laboratories in Vigo, Galicia, after
a judge received reports from an industry whistle-blower.
Laboratory tests of fat samples, intended for animal feed, at one of the
processing plants based in the town of Aldeaseca de la Frontera, in Salamanca,
there were DNA traces of both sheep and dog.
Scottish Labour MEP, Alyn Smith, said: ‘These revelations from Spain
indicate just where I fear this may be going. By the time meat becomes "protein"
then traceability all but breaks down, especially in the pet and animal feed
markets.
‘I'm concerned that given the EU-wide pet food market this contamination
could be considerably more widespread.
‘The spectre of forced cannibalism turns this issue into something
considerably more serious, and we need reassurance that this is an isolated
incident of criminality, albeit it would seem on a pretty significant scale
given the reported sourcing of 15 tonnes of dogs must take some organisation.’
Source: DailyMail
by AllAboutFeed 8 Mar 2013
2005
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904
6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk
GTN: FAX:
Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box 42 Bacliff Texas USA 77518
21 November 2001
Dear Mr Singeltary
TSE IN HOUNDS
Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long
delay in responding.
As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform
Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent
Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound
study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of
this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly
concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had
clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and
that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a
re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.
Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound
study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman
concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work.
It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of
clinical data was a major weakness.
Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as
conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not
stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and
in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether
additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE
infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting
further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their
recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs,
no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a
high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original
recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with
TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less
critical. For more details see- http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf
As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership
of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus
unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on
the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the
researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be
contacted at the following address.
Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone,
Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK
You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases
of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence
since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE
in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive
identification of a TSE in a dog.
I hope this is helpful
Yours sincerely 4
HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION
======================================
HOUND SURVEY
I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's
minute.
I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study,
especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study
will be quite demanding.
If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound
brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service.
J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991
Mr. R Bradley
cc: Mr. G A H Wells
3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott would
by the end of the year, indentify the three brains that were from the
''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum.
TSE in dogs have not been documented simply because OF THE ONLY STUDY,
those brain tissue samples were screwed up too. see my investigation of this
here, and to follow, later follow up, a letter from defra, AND SEE SUSPICIOUS
BRAIN TISSUE SAF's. ...TSS
TSE & HOUNDS
GAH WELLS (very important statement here...TSS)
HOUND STUDY
AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to
other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like
disease.
snip...
76 pages on hound study;
snip...
The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for
prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter
rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then
head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were
genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I
reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the
pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a
scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian
degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature
of scrapie.
38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that
micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia'
mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer
(Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from
hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that
Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound
ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination
of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between
the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that
occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.
39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known
risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and
particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal
may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of
the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform
encephalopathy merited further investigation.
40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the
link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he
first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a
yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be
continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say
the very least.
41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like
agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was
recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.
Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments
42.These included neuropathological examination of material from
experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL
1991) and to mice (RVC 1994).
It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in
zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis
came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A.,
McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and
species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411:
J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation
period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain
homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when
this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The
affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were
likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo
felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from
cattle unfit for human consumption.
snip...
NEW URL ;
PET FOODS MAD CATS AND MAD DOGS BSE/TSEs
worse still, there is serious risk the media could get to hear of such a
meeting...
snip...
Crushed heads (which inevitably involve brain and spinal cord material) are
used to a limited extent but will also form one of the constituent raw materials
of meat and bone meal, which is used extensively in pet food manufacturer...
http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050912/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/03/17004001.pdf
2. The Parliamentary Secretary said that he was concerned about the
possibility that countries in which BSE had not yet been detected could be
exporting raw meat materials (in particular crushed heads) contaminated with the
disease to the UK for use in petfood manufacture...
snip...
YOU explained that imported crushed heads were extensively used in the
petfood industry...
http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/14001001.pdf
In particular I do not believe one can say that the levels of the scrapie
agent in pet food are so low that domestic animals are not exposed...
http://web.archive.org/web/20040301231838/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/24003001.pdf
http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042732/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/25001001.pdf
some 100+ _documented_ TSE cats of all types later...tss
on occassions, materials obtained from slaughterhouses will be derived from
sheep affected with scrapie or cattle that may be incubating BSE for use in
petfood manufacture...
http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042739/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf
*** Meldrum's notes on pet foods and materials used
http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042745/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf
*** BSE & Pedigree Petfoods ***
http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042725/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf
Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER
July 20, 200 1 Date: Thu, 16 Aug 2001 13:52:58 –0400
From: "Cook, Nancy" Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Robert, just wanted to comment on your request that the "Do not feed to
Cattle or other Ruminants" statement be placed on all animal feeds. In 1997, we
undertook a broad, five city survey to determine what effect that statement
might have in the marketplace if it occurred on pet food labels.
Overwhelmingly, and in all locations, an immediate and severe effect was
projected, not only into pet food, but into the Meat Counter as well, as people
struggled with the idea that "if it's not good for ruminants (whatever they
are?), why should I feed it to my pets, and oh, by the way, why should I eat
beef at all if it's a problem?"
The Office of Management and Budget agreed with our findings and advised
FDA that the labeling was not needed on pet food for retail sale or for
laboratory animal feed. However, salvage products are required to bear the
statement, since those products are often used for swine feed.
In most states, pets are classified as dogs and cats. Specialty pets are
other caged and "aquariumed" critters. Horses and rabbits are classified as
livestock.
Hope this is helpful.
Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC
20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax)
Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 2001
Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 14:37:50 –0700
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de References: 1
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Greetings again List Members,
here is a bit of what was thought of pet foods and TSEs in the early days
of the BSE Inquiry;
What is meat and other material from scrapie-infected sheep used for - does
it include pet food and material for biological products?
Pet Food
As initial preclinical multiplication of the agent takes place in the
spleen and other parts of the lympho-reticular system (LRS) there is obviously
the possibility that scrapie infected material is used for pet food in addition
to material from clinically affected sheep. Sheep spleens are used exclusively
for pet foods and processed sheep heads are undoubtedly included.
Commercial canned pet food is subject to heat treatment. The following
treatments are employed by . . .
[A table has been deleted here for commercial-in-confidence reasons.]
snip...
HISTORY F.O.I.A.
Saturday, August 29, 2009
FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited
materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009
Thursday, September 3, 2009
429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with
prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009
Friday, September 4, 2009
FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals
may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited
material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Cc: FOIASTAFF@oig.usda.gov ; paffairs@oig.hhs.gov ; HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov ;
phyllis.fong@oig.usda.gov
FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals
may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009
September 4, 2009
TO:
Food and Drug Administration
Division of Freedom of Information (HFI-35)
Office of Shared Services
Office of Public Information and Library Services
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
Or requests may be sent via fax to: fax number 301-443-1726 or
301-443-1719. If experience difficulty sending a fax, please call (301)
443-2414.
FROM:
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
P.O. Box 42
Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
Greetings FDA FOIE, and the Honorable Phyllis Fong et al @ OIG FOIA,
ANOTHER FOIA REQUEST PLEASE !
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT ;
Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy CSE TSE
>>> Is anybody even looking at the dogs..especially with CWD now
so widespread? <<<
NA, na, na........they know what they will find, Canine Spongiform
Encephalopathy, and it was documented, but then they decided not to push the
issue anymore, they had enough mad cow disease in different species to deal
with. so they screwed the brains up with dogs and deer in the UK. then we took a
page or two from the UKs testing protocols and USDA screwed the brains up with
cattle, again, and again, and again. then played the stupid card. ya can't fix
stupid. ... TSS
Monday, March 8, 2010
Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE
Greetings,
Another Big Myth about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, is that TSE
will not transmit to dogs. This is simply NOT TRUE. IT is perfectly legal to
feed dogs and cats here in the USA bovine meat and bone meal. Canine dementia is
real. how many dogs and cats here in the USA are tested for mad cow disease ? I
just received this F.O.I.A. request, and thought I would post it here with a
follow up on MAD DOG DISEASE. This is a follow up with additional data I just
received on a FOIA request in 2009 ;
see full text, and be sure to read the BSE Inquiry documents toward the
bottom ;
http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html
Monday, March 8, 2010
UPDATE 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated
with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009
Monday, March 1, 2010
ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010
snip...see more here;
Thursday, January 5, 2012
Horse Meat, slaughter for consumption USA
http://equinespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/horse-meat-slaughter-for-consumption.html
Saturday, August 4, 2012
*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent
neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips,
were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses.
Web posted Friday, January 23, 1998 5:49 a.m. CT
Witness testifies some ill cattle sent to rendering plant
By CHIP CHANDLER
Globe-News Staff Writer
Witness testifies some ill cattle sent to rendering plant
By CHIP CHANDLER Globe-News Staff Writer
snip...
Mike Engler -- son of Paul Engler, the original plaintiff and owner of
Cactus Feeders Inc. -- agreed that more than 10 cows with some sort of central
nervous system disorder were sent to Hereford By-Products.
The younger Engler, who has a doctorate in biochemistry from Johns Hopkins
University, was the only witness jurors heard Thursday in the Oprah Winfrey
defamation trial. His testimony will resume this morning.
According to a U.S. Department of Agriculture report from which Winfrey
attorney Charles Babcock quoted, encephalitis caused by unknown reasons could be
a warning sign for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease.
Encephalitis was indicated on the death certificates -- or ``dead slips''
-- of three Cactus Feeders cows discussed in court. The slips then were stamped,
``Picked up by your local used cattle dealer'' before the carcasses were taken
to the rendering plant.
snip...
Web posted Wednesday, February 18, 1998 2:02 p.m. CT
Graphic pictures greet Winfrey jury
By KAY LEDBETTER Globe-News Farm and Ranch Editor
Pictures of sheep heads, euthanized pets and roadkill greeted jurors this
morning as they returned to the continuation of the cattlemen vs. Oprah Winfrey
lawsuit.
The lawsuit continues today in U.S. District Mary Lou Robinson's court, but
in a much diminished state.
snip...
Defense lawyer Charles Babcock called Van Smith, a City Paper reporter from
Baltimore who had written an article on rendering plants in September
1995.
Smith and Babcock went through more than 50 pictures taken as the reporter
toured the Valley Proteins plant in Baltimore and followed a rendering truck to
the local animal shelter, a sausage plant and a slaughterhouse.
The pictures showed offal being emptied from the slaughterhouses. They
showed animal shelter workers in the euthanasia room; barrels of dead animals in
a refrigerated room at the animal shelter; waste meat from the sausage plant;
and dead sheep from the slaughterhouse.
Web posted Thursday, February 19, 1998 5:32 a.m. CT
Defense opens case
Cattlemen vs. Oprah Winfrey
By CHIP CHANDLER
Globe-News Staff Writer
snip...
Van Smith, a reporter with City Paper in Baltimore, testified about an
article he wrote on rendering plants. Smith said he saw sheep taken to a plant
despite a voluntary ban on using processed sheep in protein-enhanced feed,
backing up a statement Lyman made on Winfrey's show.
Under cross-examination, Smith said he was not sure whether the sheep were
used for feed or other animal-derived products.
snip...
Van Smith, a reporter with City Paper in Baltimore, testified about an
article he wrote on rendering plants. Smith said he saw sheep taken to a plant
despite a voluntary ban on using processed sheep in protein-enhanced feed,
backing up a statement Lyman made on Winfrey's show.
Under cross-examination, Smith said he was not sure whether the sheep were
used for feed or other animal-derived products.
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Statement May 4, 2004 Media Inquiries: 301-827-6242
Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA
Statement on Texas Cow With Central Nervous System Symptoms On Friday,
April 30 th , the Food and Drug Administration learned that a cow with central
nervous system symptoms had been killed and shipped to a processor for rendering
into animal protein for use in animal feed.
FDA, which is responsible for the safety of animal feed, immediately began
an investigation. On Friday and throughout the weekend, FDA investigators
inspected the slaughterhouse, the rendering facility, the farm where the animal
came from, and the processor that initially received the cow from the
slaughterhouse.
FDA's investigation showed that the animal in question had already been
rendered into "meat and bone meal" (a type of protein animal feed). Over the
weekend FDA was able to track down all the implicated material. That material is
being held by the firm, which is cooperating fully with FDA.
Cattle with central nervous system symptoms are of particular interest
because cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE, also known as "mad
cow disease," can exhibit such symptoms. In this case, there is no way now to
test for BSE. But even if the cow had BSE, FDA's animal feed rule would prohibit
the feeding of its rendered protein to other ruminant animals (e.g., cows,
goats, sheep, bison).
FDA is sending a letter to the firm summarizing its findings and informing
the firm that FDA will not object to use of this material in swine feed only. If
it is not used in swine feed, this material will be destroyed. Pigs have been
shown not to be susceptible to BSE. If the firm agrees to use the material for
swine feed only, FDA will track the material all the way through the supply
chain from the processor to the farm to ensure that the feed is properly
monitored and used only as feed for pigs.
To protect the U.S. against BSE, FDA works to keep certain mammalian
protein out of animal feed for cattle and other ruminant animals. FDA
established its animal feed rule in 1997 after the BSE epidemic in the U.K.
showed that the disease spreads by feeding infected ruminant protein to
cattle.
Under the current regulation, the material from this Texas cow is not
allowed in feed for cattle or other ruminant animals. FDA's action specifying
that the material go only into swine feed means also that it will not be fed to
poultry.
FDA is committed to protecting the U.S. from BSE and collaborates closely
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on all BSE issues. The animal feed rule
provides crucial protection against the spread of BSE, but it is only one of
several such firewalls. FDA will soon be improving the animal feed rule, to make
this strong system even stronger.
####
Monday, March 26, 2012
CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE
http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html
FELINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY FSE
Friday, November 09, 2012
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species
Sunday, November 11, 2012
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease
November 2012
Friday, December 14, 2012
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012
Saturday, December 15, 2012
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on
attack rate and incubation period in cattle -- an update 5 December 2012
Thursday, February 14, 2013
The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and
TSE prion disease
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis.
snip...
R. BRADLEY
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
IN CONFIDENCE
SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES
IN CONFIDENCE
Sunday, December 12, 2010
EFSA reviews BSE/TSE infectivity in small ruminant tissues News Story 2
December 2010
Sunday, April 18, 2010
SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010
Thursday, December 23, 2010
Molecular Typing of Protease-Resistant Prion Protein in Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathies of Small Ruminants, France, 2002-2009
Volume 17, Number 1 January 2011
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy following passage in sheep
Monday, April 25, 2011
Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep
Volume 17, Number 5-May 2011
Friday, February 11, 2011
Atypical/Nor98 Scrapie Infectivity in Sheep Peripheral Tissues
Thursday, March 29, 2012
atypical Nor-98 Scrapie has spread from coast to coast in the USA 2012
NIAA Annual Conference April 11-14, 2011San Antonio, Texas
TSS
